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The Keystone Pipeline System is an oil pipeline system in Canada and the United States, commissioned in 2010. It runs from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas, and also to oil tank farms and an oil pipeline distribution center in Cushing, Oklahoma.〔 Three phases of the project are in operation. They are: * The Keystone Pipeline (Phase I), delivering oil from Hardisty, Alberta, over to the junction at Steele City, Nebraska, and on to Wood River Refinery in Roxana, Illinois, and Patoka Oil Terminal Hub (tank farm) north of Patoka, Illinois, completed in June 2010.〔 * The Keystone-Cushing extension (Phase II), running from Steele City to storage and distribution facilities (tank farm) at Cushing, Oklahoma,〔 completed in February 2011.〔 * The Gulf Coast Extension (Phase III), running from Cushing to refineries at Port Arthur, Texas was completed in January 2014,〔〔 and a lateral pipeline to refineries at Houston, Texas and a terminal will be completed late 2015, going online a year later.〔 The proposed Keystone XL Pipeline (Phase IV) would have essentially duplicated the Phase I pipeline between Hardisty, Alberta, and Steele City, Nebraska,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=:Keystone XL Pipeline: About the project )〕 with a shorter route and a larger-diameter pipe. It would run through Baker, Montana, where American-produced light crude oil from the Williston Basin (Bakken formation) of Montana and North Dakota would be added to the Keystone's current throughput of synthetic crude oil (syncrude) and diluted bitumen (dilbit) from the oil sands of Canada. However, after more than six years of review, the United States President Barack Obama announced on November 6, 2015, his administration's rejection of the fourth phase. The first two phases have the capacity to deliver up to of oil into the Mid-West refineries. Phase III has capacity to deliver up to to the Texas refineries.〔 By comparison, U.S. oil production averaged in first-half 2015, with gross exports of through July 2015.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/steo/report/us_oil.cfm )〕 ==Description== The Keystone Pipeline system consists of the operational Phase I, Phase II, and Phase III, the Gulf Coast Pipeline Project, and a proposed pipeline expansion segment Phase IV, Keystone XL. Construction of Phase III, from Cushing, Oklahoma, to Nederland, Texas, in the Gulf Coast area, began in August 2012 as an independent economic utility.〔It was presented to the United States State Department as a independent economic utility in February 2012, sidestepping the requirement for a Presidential Permit because it does not cross an international border (United States Department of State SEIS March 1, 2013 p. ES1).〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.transcanada.com/gulf-coast-pipeline-project.html )〕 Phase III was opened on 22 January 2014〔, completing the pipeline path from Hardisty, Alberta to Nederland, Texas.〕 The Keystone XL Pipeline Project (Phase IV) revised proposal in 2012 consists of a new pipeline from Hardisty, Alberta, through Montana and South Dakota to Steele City, Nebraska, to "transport of up to of crude oil from the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin in Alberta, Canada, and from the Williston Basin (Bakken) region in Montana and North Dakota, primarily to refineries in the Gulf Coast area."〔 After the Keystone XL pipeline segments are completed, American crude oil would enter the XL pipelines at Baker, Montana, on their way to the storage and distribution facilities at Cushing, Oklahoma. Cushing is a major crude oil marketing/refining and pipeline hub.〔 Operating since 2010, the original Keystone Pipeline System is an pipeline delivering Canadian crude oil to U.S. Midwest markets and Cushing, Oklahoma. In Canada, the first phase of Keystone involved the conversion of approximately of existing natural gas pipeline in Saskatchewan and Manitoba to crude oil pipeline service. It also included approximately of new diameter pipeline, 16 pump stations and the Keystone Hardisty Terminal.〔 The U.S. portion of the Keystone Pipeline included of new, diameter pipeline in North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri and Illinois.〔 The pipeline has a minimum ground cover of .〔 It also involved construction of 23 pump stations and delivery facilities at Wood River and Patoka, Illinois. In 2011, the second phase of Keystone included a extension from Steele City, Nebraska, to Cushing, Oklahoma, and 11 new pump stations to increase the capacity of the pipeline from . Additional phases (III and IV) have been in construction or discussion since 2011. If completed, the Keystone XL would add increasing the total capacity up to .〔 The original Keystone Pipeline cost US$5.2 billion with the Keystone XL expansion slated to cost approximately US$7 billion. The Keystone XL was expected to be completed by 2012–2013, however construction has been overtaken by events.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Keystone Pipeline」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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